Tag Archives: gold chain bracelet

China 13styles CZPT Rose Gold Silver Copper Basic bracelet For Pandoraer snake bracelet snake chain bracelet 925 silver plated manufacturer

Jewelry Main Material: copper
Bracelets or Bangles Type: Charm Bracelets
Gender: Unisex, women.men,children
Occasion: Gift
Style: Punk
Inlay technology: no
Material: copper
MOQ: 50pcs
Logo: No logo
Item name: Basic bracelet For Pandoraer
Size: 16-22cm
Packing: 1PCS/opp bag
Sample time: 3-5days
Payment: Trade assurance , T/T and so on
Design: snake
Packaging Details: 1Pairs/opp packing

Specification

ProductBasic Snake Chain Bracelet
Colorstock 13colors customized is welcome!
Materialcopper with 925 silver/golden/rose golde plated
PaymentWestern union, T/T, MoneyGram, Alibaba assurance order
Packing & Delivery Regular Package: individual packing , Quad Farm UTV for Adults CE Certification 4Any Questions, CZPT PARTS Timing Chain Kit Used For 2.7 2TR-FE With OE 135571030 135457130 advice or reuqirements just let us know,we will reply you within 12hours! FAQ 1.How To Make Order?Step 1Choose the Product you are interestedStep 2Tell us quantity and product details of the product you chose.Step 3We send your order for comfirm.Step 4Place order and pay for the payment,start prepare your products,then once finished will send you at 1st time.2.How about sample fee and sample time?Stock sample can be provide free,you only need pay shipping cost,Sample time is 2-7days,Customized sample fee is depend on thematerial and size.3.What payment methold?As usual we accpet trade assurance(you can pay by credit card,E-checking and T/T)

chain

drive chain type

Drive chains are used in a variety of industrial applications. Unlike roller chains, which are more efficient in terms of weight and size, drive chains slide on steel guides. Drive chains are often used for dirty work. Here’s what you need to know about the various types of drive chains. In this article, we’ll look at pin chains, engineered steel chains, bushing roller chains, and timing chains. These types are the most common and the most commonly used.

time chain

There are several factors to consider when deciding which drive chain to buy. What matters is how long the chain will last, as the timing chain will stretch over time. However, they are pre-stretched during manufacture to reduce the risk of stretching. Timing chains can also be noisy compared to toothed belt drives, but rails and chain tensioners can alleviate this problem. Timing chains also wear slower than belts, reducing repair costs.
Timing chains require little maintenance compared to belt drives. When well lubricated, timing chains require little maintenance. The only maintenance really required is checking the engine oil level and following the manufacturer’s recommended service intervals. Timing chains of drive chains are also safer than belt drives and can be dangerous if the toothed belt tears. Also, the timing chain only needs minor repairs and replacements. Garages can purchase complete timing chain kits that contain all the parts needed for repairs.
Drive chains can be equipped with roller chains or timing chains, depending on the load on the engine. The style of the timing chain depends on the type of motor used. However, the roller chain is the most common choice due to its high strength and NVH properties. The roller chain has two tabs pressed into the eyes, and two rollers above them. These components work together to improve engine performance.
Many modern vehicles use timing chains. Timing gears synchronize the camshaft and crankshaft so that the valves open and close at the appropriate times. This is critical to the running quality, power output, and fuel consumption of the engine. The timing chain also reduces the amount of pollution emitted by the vehicle. Over the past two decades, many OEMs have turned to time chains for OHC/DOHC engines.

pin chain

Steel pivot chains feature open barrels to reduce blocking and material buildup. These chains are designed for power transmission and transportation applications, often used in agricultural applications. They can be custom welded using specialized accessories. These chains can be used in agricultural, industrial and municipal applications. Here’s a closer look at each. Read on to learn about the benefits of steel pivot chains.
The Long Pitch Class 700 Pivot Chain is a versatile chain for conveying and lifting products. Its T-head pins fit snugly so dust doesn’t get into the pin holes. It is also constructed with a closed bearing structure to prevent elongation due to wear. Steel pivot chains are designed for high fatigue applications and are versatile.

Engineering Steel Chain

Engineered steel drive chain provides maximum power transfer while minimizing weight. Engineering chains are often used for tough oil drilling operations. Designed for durability and tight tolerances, these chains can be used in a variety of industrial equipment. Whether you need to lift heavy objects or store a lot of items, engineered steel chains will do the job. Read on to learn more about the benefits of engineering chains.
Engineered steel chains consist of links or pin joints with large gaps between the components. The material of these chains is designed to handle abrasives. While many of these chains are used as conveyors, some are designed for drives. You can find these chains on conveyors, forklifts, bucket elevators, oil rigs and more. To get the most out of them, they should be able to withstand the power produced by the prime mover.
The chain can withstand high tensile stresses and is ductile enough to withstand fatigue. The center-to-center distance between the chain and sprockets is between 30% and 50% of the pitch. On smaller sprockets, the arc of contact between the teeth and chain must be at least 120 degrees. The resistance of the chain drive depends on the use environment, including vibration, noise, fatigue strength and other factors.
There are many types of engineering steel drive chains, each with a different function. The most commonly used type is the elevator. Its lift mechanism raises and lowers the carriage. Most cranes are attached to the load with hooks. Another type of chain is the oval link. Its links are welded and the sprocket has receivers for each link. It is used in low speed applications for elevators, chain hoists and anchors in offshore operations.

Bushing Roller Chain

Typically, a bushing roller chain as a drive chain consists of two link assemblies. The inner link consists of two plates held together by two sleeves, while the outer link consists of two plates connected by pins that pass through the inner link. However, there are some differences between bushing roller chains. The main difference is the type of link and the amount of lubrication required. If you want to learn more about bushing roller chains, keep reading.
While roller chains are generally stronger and more durable than bushing chains, they are not immune to wear. During the driving cycle, they lengthen and undergo a process called articulation. The rate at which they elongate depends on the lubrication and load applied to them. The frequency of pin and bushing articulation is also critical. Like other wear parts, the manufacture of critical wear parts requires close attention to detail to ensure optimum performance. Correct raw material selection, part fabrication, and assembly are key factors in achieving optimum performance. Improperly prepared parts can affect wear life and performance.
Consider your application and load distribution when selecting a bushing roller chain as your drive chain. The length of the chain must be between 30 and 50 times its pitch. The arc of contact between the small sprocket teeth must be at least 120 degrees. The resistance of the drive chain depends on the usage environment, which will determine its fatigue strength and vibration level. It’s a good idea to check the chain length before deciding to replace it.
chain

flat top chain

The TSplus flat top drive chain is the most flexible conveying medium on the market today. They can be connected end-to-end to create extended conveyor lines. The side bend design allows it to be used with a variety of conveyor types including inline, snake, and carousel conveyors. These chains are available in a variety of sizes, ranging in width from 3 feet to 20 feet.
A variety of materials are available for flat-top chains, including steel and plastic. Steel chains are ideal for applications requiring wear resistance. They are sturdy and well made. Plastic chains are particularly durable, but not suitable for harsh environments. Stainless steel flat top chains are suitable for a variety of applications, and some manufacturers make them from stainless steel or even aluminum. If your application requires a durable flat top chain, choose a chain made from iwis hardened stainless steel.
Another type of flat-top drive chain is the side bend chain. Suitable for flexible machinery requiring efficient conveying. It is equipped with a single hinge pin or double hinge pin. Either option will do, but each hinge pin has its advantages. Single hinge pin chains are suitable for smaller light-duty conveyors, while double hinge pins are more suitable for medium and heavy-duty applications.
CZPT is a modular flat top chain conveyor system. Its standardized components and modules can be easily integrated into any production process. And because it’s a single track, you can lengthen or shorten it as needed. Its versatile design makes it compatible with other conveyor systems such as belts and sprockets. This monorail modular design allows system lengths up to 40 meters and is compatible with other conveyor systems.

China 13styles CZPT Rose Gold Silver Copper Basic bracelet For Pandoraer snake bracelet snake chain bracelet 925 silver plated   manufacturer China 13styles CZPT Rose Gold Silver Copper Basic bracelet For Pandoraer snake bracelet snake chain bracelet 925 silver plated   manufacturer
editor by Cx 2023-07-12

China BB019 3mm 4mm 5mm Brass Zircon Tennis Chain Bracelet Hip hop Jewelry Gold Silver Material Men CZ Bracelet Iced Out bush roller chain

Design Number: BB019
Jewellery Main Substance: Brass, Brass
Content Type: Copper Alloy
Diamond form: Spherical Excellent Reduce
Pearl Sort: Other
Bracelets or Bangles Kind: Tennis Bracelets
Gender: Unisex, Women’s, Men’s
Major Stone: ZIRCON, ZIRCON
Jewelry Type: Bracelets, Best-offering cast metal roller chain sprocket custom-made from China sprocket provider CZPT Bangles
Situation: Anniversary, Reward, Get together
Plating: Silver Plated, Gold Plated
Shapepattern: Geometric
Fashion: Hiphop, Hip Hop Jewellery
Spiritual Type: Other
Inlay technological innovation: Micro insert

Product NameBrass CZ Bracelet
Brand TitleAceWings
StyleHip Hop
MaterialBrass placing Zircon
Color18K gold/ white gold/rose gold
Shippingexpress: Fedex, air compressor Hd-2-WH-2-WH-3.230-SB compressor UPS, DHL,etc
Shippig timeusually 3-8 times
Substance:Brass with zirconSIZE:3mm 4mm 5mm width 6inch 7inch 8inch Company Profile HangZhou Shoushan Jewellery Co., Ltd.We are professional manufacturer of hip hop jewelry for 10 years.–Professional Designer–Advanced Products & Substantial High quality Z8 sort keyless shaft hub locking device cam assembly industrial gear adjustable safe lock gadget Technology–Efficient Team–Satisfactory Top quality–Competitive Value Purchaser Critiques Semi-Computerized PET Bottle Blowing Device Bottle Generating Equipment Bottle Moulding MachinePET Bottle Making Equipment is suited for creating PET plastic containers and bottles in all shapes.

chain

buy drive chain

Buying a drive chain requires a certain understading of its characteristics. This article discusses the different types of chains available, including Silent, Flat-top, and Duplex. By the end of this article, you should have a basic understanding of what each type of chain is for. First, here are some basic rules to keep in mind when shopping for a chain. To find the drive chain that best suits your needs, read on.

roller chain

Choosing the right roller chain for your drive chain depends on several factors. First, you have to determine the motor horsepower and rpm for the small drive sprocket. These values ​​determine the size of the chain and the number of teeth on the drive sprocket. Next, you need to determine the size of the conveyor chain, it can be the horizontal, vertical, or curved radius. Depending on your specific needs, you can also choose between two-strand or three-strand chains.
The roller chain of the drive chain must be properly tensioned. It should also have a proper lubrication system. Chain sag should not exceed two to four percent of the center distance (the distance between the two axles). Also, it shouldn’t make any unusual noises or obvious problems. One of the main reasons for excessive wear is the size of the load. Each chain has a specified maximum working load.
The maximum roller chain load must be less than 1/9 or 6 times the tensile strength of the drive chain. This amount should not exceed this threshold, as exceeding this level will result in chain plate fatigue. To avoid this, you should use a roller chain with a higher number of strands. Also, for high power requirements, a roller chain with a higher number of strands is recommended. One final tip for choosing a drive chain: it should not be used when there is a high risk of corrosion or rusting.
The materials used to manufacture roller chains vary according to the specific application. Common materials include steel and stainless steel. However, stainless steel is used in food processing machinery and other environments that require lubrication. Brass and nylon are also sometimes used. These factors determine the selection of suitable materials for the drive chain. If you are not sure which material to use, you can consult an industry professional. These professionals will help you choose the right chain for the job at hand.

mute chain

The design of the silent transmission chain is as follows: the large chain plates 2 are stacked one on top of the other in the direction of the chain length. The connecting rods are connected by connecting pins 3. The outermost and central guide plates 4 are fastened to the connecting pins 3 by means of rivets. This construction helps minimize friction on the sliding surfaces of the chain. Chainplate 2 of the silent transmission chain is usually made of stainless steel.
The link plates are made of steel and have a rectangular shape with pinholes 41. These guide plates have no teeth but have curved surfaces that guide the silent drive chain on the sprockets. In addition, the rear portion of the guide plate is higher than the portion of the chainplate. This feature improves pitch balance. The present invention is also applicable to silent transmission chains using rockers.
When it comes to chain design, it’s important to remember that silent drive chains are often used in automotive engines, especially timing and cam drives. This type of drive reduces noise and vibration due to its low engagement angle and links engagement with the sprocket. However, these applications are not limited to timing and cam drives; they can also be used for front-wheel power transmission. For example, silent drive chains are designed to resemble those used in NASCAR racing engines.
The design of the silent drive chain is based on the structure of the roller chain. Its components are standardized and manufactured according to pitch. There are single-row and multi-row versions. Quiet chains, also known as inverted tooth chains, are shaped to reduce noise from stretching. It’s also designed to minimize the amount of friction caused by small changes in pitch. Its teeth don’t slide against each other, so the chain is smoother and more durable.

flat top chain

One of the important parts of the flat top chainplate system is the hinge pin, which is used to fix the chainplate and is responsible for the smooth and efficient conveying of the chainplate. There are several types of hinge pins, including single hinge pins and double hinge pins. The single hinge pin is suitable for the chainplate with a small span and small bearing capacity, and the double hinge pin is suitable for the chainplate with a large span and high bearing capacity.
The side bending flat top chain is suitable for conveying large and medium workpiece pallets. They can be made of steel or plastic, each with its own advantages. Both chainplates are designed to convey material smoothly. Side curved flat-top chains can be used on straight conveyors. They have a low coefficient of friction and can transport weights up to 1.2 kg/cm. They can also be combined with HD profiles.
Flat top drive chains are usually made of plastic material and come in two types: tabletop chains and buffer chains. They come in a variety of widths, but the most popular are standard widths, ranging from 3.25 inches to 12 inches. MatTop chains are usually shipped in 10-foot lengths. They come in different styles, but they all have the same basic specs. Tabletop chains are designed for general conveying, while pad chains are used for specific applications. Solid top chains are suitable for conveying bulk materials, while wide pad chains can handle large volumes of fluids and/or solid-solid mixtures.
These chain conveyors can be used to convey, connect or lift small items. This type of chain is especially useful in industries where the product is hot or greasy. The modular design of these chains allows them to be configured in three dimensions, making them suitable for production changes and transitions. They also help reduce slack in the chain. Flat top chains are commonly used in final assembly and mechanical or paint restoration in the automotive industry.

double chain

Besides the roller chain, another type of chain drive is the double drive chain. This type of chain consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers connected together by side links and driven by gears called sprockets. This type of chain is very reliable and only requires a tractor with a high rpm PTO. It is manufactured by CZPT and is available in many different sizes and finishes.

Self-lubricating chain

Self-lubricating drive chains are the ideal solution for applications that do not require the relubrication of conventional chains. This maintenance-free roller chain features fully heat-treated components that increase the chain’s fatigue resistance and strength. It’s sintered alloy bushings are oil-impregnated, reducing the chance of premature wear and elongation. Its self-lubricating properties enhance its durability and work well even in hard-to-reach places.
CZPT self-lubricating roller chains feature preloaded sintered steel bearing pins and oil-impregnated sintered bushings. These chains are drop-in replacements for standard roller chains and run on the same sprockets as standard chains. In addition to being maintenance-free, self-lubricating roller chains are compatible with most existing sprockets and are ideal for demanding applications.
The O-ring chain concept was used to develop self-lubricating systems. It has two or more annular grease storage chambers. A self-lubricating bushing roller chain has an oil reservoir between its pin chain and the roller chainplate. A grease seal between these two plates isolates the moving parts and keeps the joints well lubricated. O-rings are made of special nitrile rubber, whose properties vary by application.
CZPT SLR conveyor chains and CZPT SLR drive chains have rollers on sintered bushings. CZPT SLR chains and SLR conveyor chains are self-lubricating and have a higher working load than standard ANSI chains. They may not be interchangeable with other self-lubricating chains from other manufacturers. Self-lubricating drive chains are the best solution for demanding industrial applications requiring heavy-duty, reliable conveying.

China BB019 3mm 4mm 5mm Brass Zircon Tennis Chain Bracelet Hip hop Jewelry Gold Silver Material Men CZ Bracelet Iced Out     bush roller chainChina BB019 3mm 4mm 5mm Brass Zircon Tennis Chain Bracelet Hip hop Jewelry Gold Silver Material Men CZ Bracelet Iced Out     bush roller chain
editor by Cx 2023-06-26

China AAA GEMS 18k Gold Plated 3mm 4mm 5mm Moissanite Bracelet Classic Gold Women Chain Bracelets Diamond Tennis Bracelet a2040 roller chain

Design Variety: KMS1204
Jewellery Primary Substance: silver
Materials Variety: Sterling Silver
Bracelets or Bangles Variety: Chain & Website link Bracelets
Gender: Women’s, Men’s
Event: Anniversary, Engagement, Cpvsd 10-fifty Cpvs20-forty Cpvs 40-250 Oil-injected Pneumatic Separate Oil And Air Coolers Screw Air Compressor chicago pneumatic Present, Wedding ceremony, Social gathering
Plating: Gold Plated
Type: Vintage
Inlay engineering: Claw Location
Merchandise Name: 925 silver Moissanite CZPT tennis bracelet
Usage: tennis bracelet for females
Substance: 925 sterling silver
Colors: Gold/Silver
Gemstone: D VVS1 moissanite
Dimension: 3mm 4mm 5mm vast
Length: 6/7/8inches
Engrave: Totally free demand of engraved
Packing: Opp bag or jewelry box
OEM/ODM: Accepted Personalized
Packaging Specifics: 1pc/pp bag, self reversing screw tractor pto motor linear shaft for planer motor hollow sleeve circular saw extension shaft turning pin carton for outsdie packing

AAA Gems Co., Ltd., twenty+ Several years OEM Jewellery ManufacturerCooperate with AAA Gems, Substantial Quality CZPT Excavator SH60 Sprocket with Substantial Quality you will get:1. Multi-patterns in stock2. Custom-made services provided3. High definition Image and Movies provided4. Lower price tag and Lower MOQWelcome to inquiry us about dropshipping and OEM orders! Items Description

Brand name NameAAA GemsSpot of OriginGUA, China
Substance925 Sterling Silver Size3.5mm/4mm/5mm
GemstoneD colour MoissaniteDurationsix/7/8inches
Colour18k gold platedShipping and delivery time2-7 times
Specifics Photographs Company Profile ODM / OEM Service1. Contact us, 12A-3 Triplex Driving Roller Chain Sprockets ship us your design or sample.2. Make a quotation as your specifications.3. thirty% deposit just before get producing4. Make the CAD untill buyer confirm5. The relaxation volume ahead of delivery. Jewelry Manufacturing Approach Packing & Shipping FAQ

chain

Advantages and disadvantages of roller chains

If you need to lift heavy objects, you should know how to use a roller chain. Its simple design and simplicity make it ideal for a wide range of applications. This article will discuss the advantages and different types of applications of roller chains. After reading this article, you will be able to choose the type of roller chain that best suits your specific needs. In the next section, we’ll discuss how to deal with it.

Put on

How to measure the wear of a roller chain? There are several methods available, but the most accurate is to use a wear gauge kit. The CZPT Chain Wear Indicator Kit measures chain elongation. Compliant with ANSI and British Standards, this tool is critical to the industry chain and can help you determine when replacement is required. Improper chain maintenance can cause equipment to slip or perform poorly, resulting in unnecessary downtime.
In addition to measuring the elongation of the roller chain, it is also possible to measure the pitch of the rollers. This measurement represents the ANSI #80 standard for roller chains. Vernier calipers can also be used to measure the pitch of chains. This tool is very useful and also acts as a bottle opener. You can even use it as a wear gauge. This way, you can determine if the roller chain needs to be replaced.
The wear resistance of a roller chain can extend its life by 10% or more. However, proper lubrication and general maintenance are essential to ensure the longest lifespan of your chain. The manufacturing process of a roller chain assembly also plays a crucial role in determining its service life. For longer life, you might consider purchasing a heavy-duty series roller chain with thicker side plates and longer pins. If you need greater working load capacity, you can also consider heavy-duty chains.
High-quality components are critical to the longevity of the roller chain. High-quality roller chain components require precise heat treatment processes. The use of proprietary steel allows the company to manufacture more durable drums. The pins are manufactured to tight tolerances and then undergo a centerless grinding process. This process removes any surface defects, resulting in a mirror finish on the pins. The uniformity of this surface finish also ensures that the load is evenly distributed on the pins, extending the life of the chain.

Material

Among the materials used in roller chains, carbon steel and alloy steel are the most common. However, stainless steel is used in food processing equipment and applications that require lubrication. Other materials used for roller chains include nylon and brass. For more information, see the USACE Material Specification Sheet for more information. You can also find information about the performance of a roller chain by its design. But before choosing one of these materials, consider its pros and cons.
Stainless steel is an excellent choice for roller chains. It is corrosion-resistant and can operate in extreme temperatures without cracking. Stainless steel is a non-magnetic material that can operate in a temperature range of -200 degrees to +700 degrees Fahrenheit. In addition to its corrosion-resistant properties, stainless steel can withstand a variety of environments and can be used in heavy-duty applications. The MEGA series is the strongest stainless steel roller chain in the world.

Application

As the name suggests, a roller chain has 5 basic components: pins, bushings, rollers, and pin chainplates. These components are precision engineered to ensure optimum performance and durability. Typical applications include drives and conveyor belts. The various components of the roller chain can be customized to specific needs. Read on to learn more about how these parts work together. This article presents the advantages and disadvantages of different types of roller chains and discusses their applications.
A roller chain is a form of chain drive consisting of short cylindrical rollers connected together by side links and gears called sprockets. While these devices are simple, they have some limitations. In most cases, sprockets must be designed with a maximum tensile load on one tooth to prevent premature chain failure. Therefore, these chains are less efficient than belt drives with higher inertia.
Roller chains are usually made of carbon or alloy steel, although stainless steel is often used where food processing machinery and lubrication are problematic. Sometimes, nylon and brass are used. The maximum running speed of the roller chain is important for some applications, but it also provides economic benefits for users and manufacturers. The maximum running speed of a roller chain is usually governed by a wear limit, which can vary by application.
The global roller chain market is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 5.4% over the next six years. The research report covers the competitive landscape and key factors influencing the market. The report also analyzes the growth potential, product utilization, and pricing models of key vendors. It also covers the SWOT analysis of the key players in the industry. The study provides a comprehensive market analysis of all these factors and more. It also highlights key players and their strategies and identifies the fastest growing regions for their products and services.

Maintain

Because rollers are exposed to a variety of environments, including snow, rain, and muddy roads, regular maintenance is required to prevent damage. Because they must encounter these elements frequently, frequent inspections are important to prevent rust and other damage. Also, avoid pouring acidic or alkaline cleaning products on the roller chain. Instead, use hot water with hand sanitizer or a disposable toothbrush to clean the rollers. Washing the chain directly with water has little effect.
For small rollers, the workload during the break-in period should not be too large, otherwise, it will cause overheating. The small drum should also be inspected frequently for any unusual appearance, which may indicate that the system is not functioning properly. In this case, the operation must be suspended. Failure to do so could result in serious injury or a facility fire. Additionally, a properly lubricated roller chain is essential to ensure long-term performance.
The surface of the roller is often rusted and scratched. Over time, these little scars can spread to the drive, damaging it. Also, the chain may not be properly spaced and timed. Therefore, it is very important to check regularly to ensure that the chain is in top condition. When the chain wears to 3% or more, the entire roller chain needs to be replaced. Failure to do so may damage the drive, the roller sprocket, or the entire chain.
Given the chain’s processing environment, lubrication is critical to its performance. If the chain is lubricated, it must be re-lubricated frequently. However, lubricated roller chains are susceptible to contamination, especially in the biomass industry. In these environments, airborne organic particles and debris from the biomass industry can contaminate lubricated roller chains. This is why maintenance is important for lubricating roller chains.
chain

Preloading

The benefits of preloading roller chains are well documented. In general, preloading eliminates the initial elongation of the roller chain, increasing its service life. Preloading is an effective way to achieve this, and a preloading chart can help illustrate the benefits of this process. Chains with little or no preload will stretch significantly during drive start, while chains will stretch rapidly as the surface hardness of the wear parts increases. Additionally, a properly preloaded chain has little or no elongation during the initial start-up of the drive, extending wear life.
Premium manufacturers apply the preload concept during their production phase, aligning all major components at the same time. This approach helps eliminate elongation issues that lead to rapid degradation of the roller chain. If this is not checked, the chain drive will stretch immediately over time. To avoid these problems, it is important to purchase a high-quality preloaded roller chain from a reputable source.
The heat treatment process is an effective way to prevent excessive wear of the roller chain. Heat treatment is a complex process that takes place in a factory during manufacturing. This process helps the rollers maintain high hardness and depth, preventing breakage. When buying a roller chain, make sure that the chain is heat treated and that the chain is manufactured to a high degree of precision. It also ensures that the product can be used for a long time.
In addition to performance benefits, preloading can also reduce initial elongation. A preloaded roller chain will exhibit near linear elongation, whereas a non-preloaded chain will experience rapid elongation. Therefore, they will reach the recommended 3% elongation earlier. Make sure the chain is properly lubricated. Also, consider how the chain is arranged. This is critical for optimal longevity.

China AAA GEMS 18k Gold Plated 3mm 4mm 5mm Moissanite Bracelet Classic Gold Women Chain Bracelets Diamond Tennis Bracelet     a2040 roller chainChina AAA GEMS 18k Gold Plated 3mm 4mm 5mm Moissanite Bracelet Classic Gold Women Chain Bracelets Diamond Tennis Bracelet     a2040 roller chain
editor by Cx 2023-06-15

China 2023 Spring new women fashion gold plated stainless steel colored enamel Cuban chain heart shaped bracelet for women roller chain bolt

Model Amount: C064
Jewellery Principal Content: Stainless steel
Bracelets or Bangles Type: Chain & Hyperlink Bracelets
Gender: Unisex
Event: Other, Anniversary, Engagement, Present, Personalized 46T steel rear motorcycle sprocket chain for CZPT XJ6 FZ6R Wedding, Party
Certificate Kind: 3rd Celebration Appraisal
Plating: Gold Plated
Shapepattern: Coronary heart
Fashion: Intimate
Inlay technologies: Micro insert

Client Photos Why Choose Us Item Class Exhibition Speak to Us

TIPS We can provide Hd photo with no watermark for you to promote. Samples available, pls get in touch with us if you need it. Click on here to sendus. ➤❤Provide Barcode Stickers ❤New arrivals each and every month❤Well-recognized after-sales technique
Delivery 1-3 times delivery Click on
Advantage 20 Years Jewelry Experience (price) : cheap manufacturing facility value
Payment terms Alibaba trade assurance,Paypal, Wholesale Bike Components Chain And Sprocket Package For POP 1L electric air compressors compressor

chain

drive chain type

Drive chains are used in a variety of industrial applications. Unlike roller chains, which are more efficient in terms of weight and size, drive chains slide on steel guides. Drive chains are often used for dirty work. Here’s what you need to know about the various types of drive chains. In this article, we’ll look at pin chains, engineered steel chains, bushing roller chains, and timing chains. These types are the most common and the most commonly used.

time chain

There are several factors to consider when deciding which drive chain to buy. What matters is how long the chain will last, as the timing chain will stretch over time. However, they are pre-stretched during manufacture to reduce the risk of stretching. Timing chains can also be noisy compared to toothed belt drives, but rails and chain tensioners can alleviate this problem. Timing chains also wear slower than belts, reducing repair costs.
Timing chains require little maintenance compared to belt drives. When well lubricated, timing chains require little maintenance. The only maintenance really required is checking the engine oil level and following the manufacturer’s recommended service intervals. Timing chains of drive chains are also safer than belt drives and can be dangerous if the toothed belt tears. Also, the timing chain only needs minor repairs and replacements. Garages can purchase complete timing chain kits that contain all the parts needed for repairs.
Drive chains can be equipped with roller chains or timing chains, depending on the load on the engine. The style of the timing chain depends on the type of motor used. However, the roller chain is the most common choice due to its high strength and NVH properties. The roller chain has two tabs pressed into the eyes, and two rollers above them. These components work together to improve engine performance.
Many modern vehicles use timing chains. Timing gears synchronize the camshaft and crankshaft so that the valves open and close at the appropriate times. This is critical to the running quality, power output, and fuel consumption of the engine. The timing chain also reduces the amount of pollution emitted by the vehicle. Over the past two decades, many OEMs have turned to time chains for OHC/DOHC engines.

pin chain

Steel pivot chains feature open barrels to reduce blocking and material buildup. These chains are designed for power transmission and transportation applications, often used in agricultural applications. They can be custom welded using specialized accessories. These chains can be used in agricultural, industrial and municipal applications. Here’s a closer look at each. Read on to learn about the benefits of steel pivot chains.
The Long Pitch Class 700 Pivot Chain is a versatile chain for conveying and lifting products. Its T-head pins fit snugly so dust doesn’t get into the pin holes. It is also constructed with a closed bearing structure to prevent elongation due to wear. Steel pivot chains are designed for high fatigue applications and are versatile.

Engineering Steel Chain

Engineered steel drive chain provides maximum power transfer while minimizing weight. Engineering chains are often used for tough oil drilling operations. Designed for durability and tight tolerances, these chains can be used in a variety of industrial equipment. Whether you need to lift heavy objects or store a lot of items, engineered steel chains will do the job. Read on to learn more about the benefits of engineering chains.
Engineered steel chains consist of links or pin joints with large gaps between the components. The material of these chains is designed to handle abrasives. While many of these chains are used as conveyors, some are designed for drives. You can find these chains on conveyors, forklifts, bucket elevators, oil rigs and more. To get the most out of them, they should be able to withstand the power produced by the prime mover.
The chain can withstand high tensile stresses and is ductile enough to withstand fatigue. The center-to-center distance between the chain and sprockets is between 30% and 50% of the pitch. On smaller sprockets, the arc of contact between the teeth and chain must be at least 120 degrees. The resistance of the chain drive depends on the use environment, including vibration, noise, fatigue strength and other factors.
There are many types of engineering steel drive chains, each with a different function. The most commonly used type is the elevator. Its lift mechanism raises and lowers the carriage. Most cranes are attached to the load with hooks. Another type of chain is the oval link. Its links are welded and the sprocket has receivers for each link. It is used in low speed applications for elevators, chain hoists and anchors in offshore operations.

Bushing Roller Chain

Typically, a bushing roller chain as a drive chain consists of two link assemblies. The inner link consists of two plates held together by two sleeves, while the outer link consists of two plates connected by pins that pass through the inner link. However, there are some differences between bushing roller chains. The main difference is the type of link and the amount of lubrication required. If you want to learn more about bushing roller chains, keep reading.
While roller chains are generally stronger and more durable than bushing chains, they are not immune to wear. During the driving cycle, they lengthen and undergo a process called articulation. The rate at which they elongate depends on the lubrication and load applied to them. The frequency of pin and bushing articulation is also critical. Like other wear parts, the manufacture of critical wear parts requires close attention to detail to ensure optimum performance. Correct raw material selection, part fabrication, and assembly are key factors in achieving optimum performance. Improperly prepared parts can affect wear life and performance.
Consider your application and load distribution when selecting a bushing roller chain as your drive chain. The length of the chain must be between 30 and 50 times its pitch. The arc of contact between the small sprocket teeth must be at least 120 degrees. The resistance of the drive chain depends on the usage environment, which will determine its fatigue strength and vibration level. It’s a good idea to check the chain length before deciding to replace it.
chain

flat top chain

The TSplus flat top drive chain is the most flexible conveying medium on the market today. They can be connected end-to-end to create extended conveyor lines. The side bend design allows it to be used with a variety of conveyor types including inline, snake, and carousel conveyors. These chains are available in a variety of sizes, ranging in width from 3 feet to 20 feet.
A variety of materials are available for flat-top chains, including steel and plastic. Steel chains are ideal for applications requiring wear resistance. They are sturdy and well made. Plastic chains are particularly durable, but not suitable for harsh environments. Stainless steel flat top chains are suitable for a variety of applications, and some manufacturers make them from stainless steel or even aluminum. If your application requires a durable flat top chain, choose a chain made from iwis hardened stainless steel.
Another type of flat-top drive chain is the side bend chain. Suitable for flexible machinery requiring efficient conveying. It is equipped with a single hinge pin or double hinge pin. Either option will do, but each hinge pin has its advantages. Single hinge pin chains are suitable for smaller light-duty conveyors, while double hinge pins are more suitable for medium and heavy-duty applications.
CZPT is a modular flat top chain conveyor system. Its standardized components and modules can be easily integrated into any production process. And because it’s a single track, you can lengthen or shorten it as needed. Its versatile design makes it compatible with other conveyor systems such as belts and sprockets. This monorail modular design allows system lengths up to 40 meters and is compatible with other conveyor systems.

China 2023 Spring new women fashion gold plated stainless steel colored enamel Cuban chain heart shaped bracelet for women     roller chain boltChina 2023 Spring new women fashion gold plated stainless steel colored enamel Cuban chain heart shaped bracelet for women     roller chain bolt
editor by Cx 2023-06-15

China 18K gold plated stainless steel Chain Bracelet Jewelry 18mm Width Watch Band Bracelet For Women Men attachment roller chain

Error:获取session失败,

chain

Advantages and disadvantages of roller chains

If you need to lift heavy objects, you should know how to use a roller chain. Its simple design and simplicity make it ideal for a wide range of applications. This article will discuss the advantages and different types of applications of roller chains. After reading this article, you will be able to choose the type of roller chain that best suits your specific needs. In the next section, we’ll discuss how to deal with it.

Put on

How to measure the wear of a roller chain? There are several methods available, but the most accurate is to use a wear gauge kit. The CZPT Chain Wear Indicator Kit measures chain elongation. Compliant with ANSI and British Standards, this tool is critical to the industry chain and can help you determine when replacement is required. Improper chain maintenance can cause equipment to slip or perform poorly, resulting in unnecessary downtime.
In addition to measuring the elongation of the roller chain, it is also possible to measure the pitch of the rollers. This measurement represents the ANSI #80 standard for roller chains. Vernier calipers can also be used to measure the pitch of chains. This tool is very useful and also acts as a bottle opener. You can even use it as a wear gauge. This way, you can determine if the roller chain needs to be replaced.
The wear resistance of a roller chain can extend its life by 10% or more. However, proper lubrication and general maintenance are essential to ensure the longest lifespan of your chain. The manufacturing process of a roller chain assembly also plays a crucial role in determining its service life. For longer life, you might consider purchasing a heavy-duty series roller chain with thicker side plates and longer pins. If you need greater working load capacity, you can also consider heavy-duty chains.
High-quality components are critical to the longevity of the roller chain. High-quality roller chain components require precise heat treatment processes. The use of proprietary steel allows the company to manufacture more durable drums. The pins are manufactured to tight tolerances and then undergo a centerless grinding process. This process removes any surface defects, resulting in a mirror finish on the pins. The uniformity of this surface finish also ensures that the load is evenly distributed on the pins, extending the life of the chain.

Material

Among the materials used in roller chains, carbon steel and alloy steel are the most common. However, stainless steel is used in food processing equipment and applications that require lubrication. Other materials used for roller chains include nylon and brass. For more information, see the USACE Material Specification Sheet for more information. You can also find information about the performance of a roller chain by its design. But before choosing one of these materials, consider its pros and cons.
Stainless steel is an excellent choice for roller chains. It is corrosion-resistant and can operate in extreme temperatures without cracking. Stainless steel is a non-magnetic material that can operate in a temperature range of -200 degrees to +700 degrees Fahrenheit. In addition to its corrosion-resistant properties, stainless steel can withstand a variety of environments and can be used in heavy-duty applications. The MEGA series is the strongest stainless steel roller chain in the world.

Application

As the name suggests, a roller chain has 5 basic components: pins, bushings, rollers, and pin chainplates. These components are precision engineered to ensure optimum performance and durability. Typical applications include drives and conveyor belts. The various components of the roller chain can be customized to specific needs. Read on to learn more about how these parts work together. This article presents the advantages and disadvantages of different types of roller chains and discusses their applications.
A roller chain is a form of chain drive consisting of short cylindrical rollers connected together by side links and gears called sprockets. While these devices are simple, they have some limitations. In most cases, sprockets must be designed with a maximum tensile load on one tooth to prevent premature chain failure. Therefore, these chains are less efficient than belt drives with higher inertia.
Roller chains are usually made of carbon or alloy steel, although stainless steel is often used where food processing machinery and lubrication are problematic. Sometimes, nylon and brass are used. The maximum running speed of the roller chain is important for some applications, but it also provides economic benefits for users and manufacturers. The maximum running speed of a roller chain is usually governed by a wear limit, which can vary by application.
The global roller chain market is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 5.4% over the next six years. The research report covers the competitive landscape and key factors influencing the market. The report also analyzes the growth potential, product utilization, and pricing models of key vendors. It also covers the SWOT analysis of the key players in the industry. The study provides a comprehensive market analysis of all these factors and more. It also highlights key players and their strategies and identifies the fastest growing regions for their products and services.

Maintain

Because rollers are exposed to a variety of environments, including snow, rain, and muddy roads, regular maintenance is required to prevent damage. Because they must encounter these elements frequently, frequent inspections are important to prevent rust and other damage. Also, avoid pouring acidic or alkaline cleaning products on the roller chain. Instead, use hot water with hand sanitizer or a disposable toothbrush to clean the rollers. Washing the chain directly with water has little effect.
For small rollers, the workload during the break-in period should not be too large, otherwise, it will cause overheating. The small drum should also be inspected frequently for any unusual appearance, which may indicate that the system is not functioning properly. In this case, the operation must be suspended. Failure to do so could result in serious injury or a facility fire. Additionally, a properly lubricated roller chain is essential to ensure long-term performance.
The surface of the roller is often rusted and scratched. Over time, these little scars can spread to the drive, damaging it. Also, the chain may not be properly spaced and timed. Therefore, it is very important to check regularly to ensure that the chain is in top condition. When the chain wears to 3% or more, the entire roller chain needs to be replaced. Failure to do so may damage the drive, the roller sprocket, or the entire chain.
Given the chain’s processing environment, lubrication is critical to its performance. If the chain is lubricated, it must be re-lubricated frequently. However, lubricated roller chains are susceptible to contamination, especially in the biomass industry. In these environments, airborne organic particles and debris from the biomass industry can contaminate lubricated roller chains. This is why maintenance is important for lubricating roller chains.
chain

Preloading

The benefits of preloading roller chains are well documented. In general, preloading eliminates the initial elongation of the roller chain, increasing its service life. Preloading is an effective way to achieve this, and a preloading chart can help illustrate the benefits of this process. Chains with little or no preload will stretch significantly during drive start, while chains will stretch rapidly as the surface hardness of the wear parts increases. Additionally, a properly preloaded chain has little or no elongation during the initial start-up of the drive, extending wear life.
Premium manufacturers apply the preload concept during their production phase, aligning all major components at the same time. This approach helps eliminate elongation issues that lead to rapid degradation of the roller chain. If this is not checked, the chain drive will stretch immediately over time. To avoid these problems, it is important to purchase a high-quality preloaded roller chain from a reputable source.
The heat treatment process is an effective way to prevent excessive wear of the roller chain. Heat treatment is a complex process that takes place in a factory during manufacturing. This process helps the rollers maintain high hardness and depth, preventing breakage. When buying a roller chain, make sure that the chain is heat treated and that the chain is manufactured to a high degree of precision. It also ensures that the product can be used for a long time.
In addition to performance benefits, preloading can also reduce initial elongation. A preloaded roller chain will exhibit near linear elongation, whereas a non-preloaded chain will experience rapid elongation. Therefore, they will reach the recommended 3% elongation earlier. Make sure the chain is properly lubricated. Also, consider how the chain is arranged. This is critical for optimal longevity.

China 18K gold plated stainless steel Chain Bracelet Jewelry 18mm Width Watch Band Bracelet For Women Men     attachment roller chainChina 18K gold plated stainless steel Chain Bracelet Jewelry 18mm Width Watch Band Bracelet For Women Men     attachment roller chain
editor by Cx 2023-04-27

China 2Pcs Set Gold Metal Chain Link Creative Bamboo Bracelet 2021 Fashion Punk Bracelets & Bangles For Women Party Jewelry custom roller chain

Model Quantity: 5717
Jewellery Primary Substance: ALLOY
Content Type: Zinc Alloy
Bracelets or Bangles Sort: Chain & Link Bracelets
Gender: Women’s, Men’s
Jewelry Variety: Bracelets, Bangles
Occasion: Anniversary, Engagement, Present, Marriage, Celebration, Anniversary, Engagement, Gift, Get together, Marriage, anniversary
Certificate Variety: 3rd Party Appraisal
Plating: 18K Gold Plated, Silver Plated
Shapepattern: Geometric
Design: Punk
Religious Sort: Other
Inlay technology: Circling environment
Product Title: Bamboo Bracelet
Materials: Alloy
Colour: 2 colours to pick
MOQ: 6 sets every design combined colours
Packing: Opp Bag
Inventory: Yes, we have stock
Delivery time: 3-7 days to shipping
Cargo: Paypal/Western Union/Funds Gram/TT
Payment Terms: Paypal/Western Union/Cash Gram/TT
Packaging Specifics: 1pc/opp Bag

Related Merchandise

All the products are in inventory, you can get straight. We will ship out inside 3 times following your payment
Solution Name2/Pcs Established Gold Steel Chain Website link Innovative Bamboo Bracelet 2571 Trend Punk Bracelets & Bangles For Women Celebration Jewelry
MaterialAlloy
DimensionAs photograph demonstrates
MOQsix sets each and every design combined colorsPolyester fibre
Shippingfive-7days
Delivert TimeInventory order:3-5 times,Manufacturing get:fifteen-25 days
Packaging1pc/opp bag1order/bubble bag+carton
Shipment wayDHL, Higher quality plastic CZPT item distant drone plastic injection CZPT drone spare part plastic mould generating manufacturer UPS,USPS,EMS,FedEx,Alibaba delivery service etc
Company Introduction HangZhou Ouzi Jewelry Manufacturing unit. is a jewellery manufacture, industrial park,HangZhou,ZHangZhoug,China(Mainland),established in 2015. MainProducts:Necklaces,Earrings,Bracelets,Rings,Brooches. It’s our motivation to conjure sHangZhous on our customer’s faces with desirable merchandise. Our business major industry in Europe and North The us,strict with top quality and all content is eco-friendly, Guide free Nickle totally free Cadmium totally free AZO free of charge,eco-welcoming plating, New Layout Custom-made Reaction Black Abdominal muscles Pe Pp Vertical Plastic Mildew Solution Suppliers Inject Plastic Part can pass SGS Interel BV ets tests requiremend. With the great high quality,exclusive features and competitive costs,our factory draws in several clients from throughout the world. As we expand our business,we seem ahead to cooperating with a lot more customers. Buyer Initial and Serive Very first Tidy and Cozy Atmosphere! Courteous and Specialist! FAQ Q1: How is your crew provider? A1: All salespeople have 5 several years of export knowledge to ensure that they handle professionalissues.Q2: How prolonged will the creation get?A2: It is dependent. A good deal of it will get much more time. After we receive the deposit, we will start off the style. Soon after the layout is verified, we will organize generation. It normally requires about 2-3 months to make.(besides crisis orders)Q3: How lengthy does it get to deliver? A3: It takes twenty-35 days by sea, depending on the destination.Relying on the location, it will take about 2-7 days by air or express. Q4: Can I print our emblem/barcode/special QR code/serial amount on it?A4: Of course, yes. On the product or the package deal, depending on the merchandise. We have a professional group ofdesigners who can layout in accordance with the needs. Of system, we constantly affirm the layout prior to generation. So you are sure to get the practical use you want.Q5: Can I get some samples for tests? Or will you charge a sample payment?A5: Samples are obtainable, we will demand sample payment and refund from bulk products.Q6: What is actually your bare minimum purchase amount? A6: Our moQ foreach product is 6-2000 sets, dependent on different products. Remember to consult our income personnel for specifics. Q7: Can you customizeproducts with specific designs? A7: Yes, we do OEM and customization, but for specifically made items, we have larger moQ, Plastic mold inject portion Led bulb mould injection plastic plastic injection molding for vehicle components youcan get in touch with our income personnel! Q8: How do you ensure that we receive substantial quality merchandise? A8: Our high quality management crew will checkeach lot prior to shipment to make sure that every single product is in excellent condition. Q9: How is your soon after-sale services? A9:We regard yourfeedback upon receipt of the goods. We will deal with your problem within forty eight hrs.

Pin chain conveyor

The choice between roller chains and friction drives depends on the usage environment. Roller chains are more resistant to dirty environments and are more suitable for conveying bulk products. The pivot chain is designed to handle highly bulk products. Ideally, the center-to-center distance between the two axles should be thirty to fifty times the chain pitch. The size of the sprocket will depend on the usage environment, which will also determine the fatigue strength and resistance of the chain.

Roller chains are more resistant to dirty environments

There are some key differences between drive chains and roller chains. The most notable difference is in the materials. Drive chains are generally more durable than roller chains. However, both chains are prone to dirty environments. While solution chains are sometimes used for heavy-duty tasks, roller chains are often used in dirtier environments. In fact, drive chains are often used when the job is very dirty and the chain has to slide on the rails.
The new lubricant used on the roller chain attracts dirt and other debris to the surface of the chain and prevents lubricant from entering the load-carrying parts of the chain, such as hinge plates, bushings, and rollers. When dust is drawn into these components, lubricants, and dirt form an abrasive paste that accelerates wear.
Lube-free roller chains keep chains clean longer. This makes it easier to specify and install in areas with strict hygiene requirements. CZPT lube-free roller chains meet NSF-H1 lubrication standards. However, lubricated roller chains are still suitable for areas where food contact is unlikely.
Stainless steel roller chains are particularly resistant to acids, alkalis, and low-temperature environments. Since stainless steel is softer than carbon steel, lubricants are not as effective at preventing dirt from entering the chain. Stainless steel roller chains have a higher strength rating than standard chains, but are not as strong as chains made from carbon steel. If you are using a roller chain in a very dirty environment, you should use a stainless steel chain.
chain

A stud chain is more efficient than a friction drive

The present invention relates to a light-duty double-ended chain that is more efficient than conventional chains. Stud chains are made by die-forging bar steel into roughly the-shaped links. This method avoids loss of shear strength due to bending and also minimizes the welded portion. The double-headed chain is light in weight and has strong resistance to fatigue damage.
This chain type has a stud-style design. Stud-shaped design provides greater tensile strength and prevents tangling. Each stud is formed by die forging and is usually shaped like an e or th. However, it is not necessary for each stud to have a uniform cross-sectional shape. Different cross-sectional shapes can be used depending on the application.
Stud chains are more efficient than friction drives because the studs in the chain are integrated. Stud links resist large breaks. Its applications are in conveyor chains and fisheries. Wear tested on boat chains made of SBC material. In the process, bolt chains were found to be more efficient than friction drives. Its applications are rapidly expanding.
Double-ended chains are more efficient for high-load applications. It features studs throughout its internal width to prevent kinking. Chains of this type are commonly used for heavy lifting machinery. Other types of chains are roller chains, power transmission chains, and bushing roller chains. These types of chains are also widely used in motorcycle, bicycle and transportation applications. In addition to being more efficient, stud chains also have fewer wear problems than friction drive chains.
A study on the difference between wear percentage and friction time showed that stud chains are more efficient than friction drives. The friction strips were measured at the beginning of the test. Take it off after 6 hours, 10080 times, and take pictures with the same diameter. As a boundary value, the diameter of the friction strip is smaller than that of a conventional chain. This shows that the present invention has better wear resistance than friction drives.
chain

Shaft chains designed for conveying bulk products

Pivot chains are versatile conveyors used in many applications. Low back type, small backrest distance, rear opening design to prevent the product from sticking to the joints and causing stiffness. Stainless steel and carbon bushing pin chains do not have pre-rotating rollers. In contrast, bucket elevators do not use pivot chains.
CZPT pin chains provide unmatched performance in agricultural and industrial machinery. They are constructed from a single cast barrel and are connected by hardened steel pins. CZPT’s steel pivot chains are strong enough to withstand the corrosive environments of agricultural and industrial applications. The steel pins in the CZPT Pintle Chain are hardened and riveted to ensure long-term durability and optimum performance.
Lifeguard chains feature patented interlocking side links that reduce gaps between adjacent side panels. They can withstand a variety of applications and will never break under pressure. These chains are available in 1/2” and 1” pitch configurations. CZPT combines both types of pin chains to achieve the best of both worlds. CZPT features dual pin chains and pin joints to increase chain durability and reduce maintenance hassles.
CZPT’s engineering team can custom design pivot chains for your specific application. Designed for specific speed, friction, temperature and wear requirements, these chains are ideal for a variety of applications. Headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the company operates on two strategic platforms: Food and Beverage and Industrial Applications. The products of these companies are used in food, energy and manufacturing.

China 2Pcs Set Gold Metal Chain Link Creative Bamboo Bracelet 2021 Fashion Punk Bracelets & Bangles For Women Party Jewelry     custom roller chainChina 2Pcs Set Gold Metal Chain Link Creative Bamboo Bracelet 2021 Fashion Punk Bracelets & Bangles For Women Party Jewelry     custom roller chain
editor by czh2023-02-10